The persistence of illicit drug smoke residues and their recovery from common household surfaces

Third‐hand smoke is the residue remaining on surfaces during smoking events. It is composed of particles and vapours that form upon heating. The phrase ‘third‐hand smoke’ is primarily used to describe nicotine and other chemicals from cigarettes, but any residues formed from the smoking of various substances could be classified similarly. There has been an increasing body of research on third‐hand smoke from cigarettes in the last decade, but little has been done in regards to understanding the persistence of particles and vapours from illicit drugs. In this work, small samples of cocaine and methamphetamine were volatilized to produce an illicit drug smoke that was collected onto various surface materials and left exposed to ambient conditions over 672 h (four weeks). Chemical analyses by electrospray ionization‐mass spectrometry of residues on silicon, plastic, laminate, and artificial leather surfaces indicated a rapid decrease in recovery of the parent molecule, with varied formation of decomposition products over the first 168 h of exposure. Measurable amounts of the parent molecule were still present after 672 h, exhibiting a strong persistence of these drugs on various household materials. This is important in a forensic science context, as third‐hand smoke residues could provide a viable source of trace evidence previously not utilized. Published 2016. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.     

Organophosphorus pesticide exposure and neurobehavioral performance in Latino children living in an orchard community

Children living in agricultural communities have a greater risk from pesticides due to para-occupational pathways. The goal of this study was to assess the impact of exposure to organophosphorus pesticides on the neurobehavioral performance of school-aged Latino children over time. Two exposure measures were used to estimate children’s pesticide exposure: parent's occupation (agricultural or non-agricultural) and organophosphate residues in home carpet dust samples. During 2008–2011, 206 school-aged children completed a battery of neurobehavioral tests two times, approximately one year apart. The associations between both exposure measures and neurobehavioral performance were examined. Pesticide residues were detected in dust samples from both agricultural and non-agricultural homes, however, pesticides were detected more frequently and in higher concentrations in agricultural homes compared to non-agricultural homes. Although few differences were found between agricultural and non-agricultural children at both visits, deficits in learning from the first visit to the second visit, or less improvement, was found in agricultural children relative to non-agricultural children. These differences were significant for the Divided Attention and Purdue Pegboard tests. These findings are consistent with previous research showing deficits in motor function. A summary measure of organophosphate residues was not associated with neurobehavioral performance. Results from this study indicate that children in agricultural communities are at increased risk from pesticides as a result of a parent working in agricultural. Our findings suggest that organophosphate exposure may be associated with deficits in learning on neurobehavioral performance, particularly in tests of with motor function. In spite of regulatory phasing out of organophosphates in the U.S., we still see elevated levels and higher detection rates of several organophosphates in agricultural households than non-agricultural households, albeit lower levels than prior studies.     

军队有害生物监控与发展概况

对军队有害生物的概念、种类和军队有害生物监控专业的特色进行了概述,并总结分析了军队有害生物防治面临的形势和今后专业发展方向。     

一起有机磷农药污染餐具所致食物中毒调查分析

目的探讨一起有机磷农药中毒发生原因,防止类似事件发生。方法对中毒人群进行流行病学调查,实验室检验。结果 3例病人均曾用一个曾盛过有机磷农药敌敌畏的碗,误盛红烧肉饮食史,3例病人临床检验乙酰胆碱酯酶活性分别为对照组的70%、60%、45%。结论综合流行病学调查、临床检验、临床症状及治疗情况,证实为一起误服有机磷农药敌敌畏所致食物中毒事件。     

一起奶牛有机磷农药中毒的治疗体会

【目的】有机磷类农药在农业生产中的普遍使用,引起奶牛中毒的事件时有发生,为了指导基层兽医工作者和养殖户科学制定对奶牛有机磷农药中毒病例的治疗方案,提高诊治效果和治愈率,降低错误治疗方案带来的损失。【方法】笔者对一例奶牛有机磷农药中毒病例,运用特效解毒药生理拮抗剂阿托品和胆碱酯酶复活剂解磷定及中枢兴奋药安钠咖强心、利尿的方法进行救治。【结果】奶牛有机磷农药中毒,体内的胆碱酯酶活性受到抑制,从而导致神经生理机能的紊乱。前期运用阿托品和解磷定治疗后,在呼吸困难,心率加快的情况下,再经安钠咖强心、利尿后,奶牛发生急性死亡。【结论】奶牛有机磷农药中毒出现肺水肿,使机体血氧饱和度下降,造成心肌缺氧,脑缺氧,此时使用中枢兴奋剂心脑活动加强,耗氧量剧增,心肌缺氧和脑缺氧进一步加重,导致出现心脑衰竭、心脑缺氧的恶性循环,最终直到死亡。奶牛有机磷农药中毒,在呼吸困难,心率加快,脉搏增数的情况下,禁止使用中枢兴奋药强心、利尿。     

应用正交试验减少静脉用药集中调配中心难溶性抗菌药物残留量

[摘要]目的：利用正交试验降低静脉用药调配中心难溶抗菌药物的残留量。方法：选定溶媒类型、溶媒体积和溶药针类型三个因素,每个因素确定两个水平,即溶媒类型为0.9%氯化钠注射液和灭菌注射用水,溶媒体积为5 mL和8 mL,溶药针类型为直孔溶药针和侧孔溶药针,进行三因素两水平的正交试验,考察各个因素对静脉用药调配中心难溶抗菌药物残留体积和残留量的影响。结果：影响静脉用药调配中心难溶抗菌药物残留体积的主次因素为溶药针类型最大,溶媒体积次之,溶媒类型最小;影响残留量的主次因素为溶媒体积最大,溶药针类型次之,溶媒类型最小。结论：选择适宜溶媒类型、溶媒体积和溶药针类型调配难溶性抗菌药物,可降低西林瓶内的残留量,提高成品输液质量。     

黄芩中有机氯类农药残留检测方法研究

目的建立黄芩中农药多残留量的新检测方法,考察陕西不同地区黄芩药材中12种农药残留情况。方法采用DB-17MS毛细管柱(30m×0.25mm×0.25μm),用气相色谱-质谱串联技术(GC-MS)进行目标成分的定量测定。结果建立了气相色谱-质谱串联法测定黄芩中农药多残留的方法,通过对陕西省不同地区黄芩药材中农药进行检测,发现尚无超标的农药。结论该方法严谨可靠,操作简便,能较准确地反映测定结果,与国家现有标准的方法相比,实验时间短,灵敏度高,减少了人为因素的影响。     

饮用水中多种有机磷农药残留的气相色谱-三重四极杆质谱测定法

目的建立一种同时测定饮用水中7种有机磷农药残留量的气相色谱-三重四极杆质谱（GC-MS/MS）方法。方法采用液-液萃取方法,用二氯甲烷对水样中7种有机磷农药进行提取,无水硫酸钠脱水,滤液在40℃水浴中旋转蒸发近干,用二氯甲烷定容,GC-MS/MS测定,外标法定量。结果 7种有机磷农药在21 min内分离,在0.01-10 mg/L范围内相关系数r2均在0.99以上,在0.05、0.25和0.45 mg/L 3个水平加标回收率在78.9%-99.3%之间,相对标准偏差均小于10%,检出限为0.02-0.06μg/L。结论该方法操作简单,准确度和精密度高,消除了其他有机磷农药的干扰,避免假阳性的出现,适用于饮用水中7种有机磷农药残留量的检测和确证。